This approach uses artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) digital twin (DT) concepts, aided by density functional theory (DFT) modelling to identify dopants, fabricate electrodes and other components with precision, control, and cost-efficiency compared to current slurry- or spray-based approaches. h-VSSCSLS/M uses AI, ML and DT approaches to produce higher energy and power density LELIB electrodes and entire ASSLIBs with precise thickness, porosity, grain size, composition and phase control.